WEATHER REPORTS AND TABLES/GRAPHS

Weather Report 

• The text is a weather report or weather forecast in spoken  form. A weather report is a prediction of weather.
• Weather report usually find in a newspaper, on the radio or television.
• The weather is predicted through application of the principles of physics and meteorologi.

Expressions used in a weather report :

A high of twenty degrees.

A low of -25.

20 percent chance of snow.

Mainly sunny.

Sunny with cloudy periods.

Record high/low.

Above/below average temperatures.

A few flurries.

5-day forecast.

Temperatures are going to drop/dip/plunge (go down quickly).

Temperatures are going to rise/soar/climb (go up quickly).

A warm/cold front is moving in (air from another region is arriving).

Name Of Weather :

Sunny  

Warm  

Hot

Mild    

Cold  

Freezing

Cloudy    

Foggy  

Smoggy

Rainy  

Wet  

Dry

Windy    

Snow  

Thunder

Mist    

Blizzard  

Fog

Hurricane  

Overcast

Breeze

Example :

Hi, I'm Jesse Williams. This is your weekend weather report. This morning we're seeing sun with cloudy periods as well as a few flurries. Right now I am at the top of Mount Raven where it is plus two and expected to rise to about six degrees by noon. Overnight temperatures will probably drop to at least minus seven.

Tomorrow's forecast calls for more flurries with a high of zero and a low of minus twelve. With the wind chill factor, that could put us at a record low of minus twenty. Conditions are perfect for skiing this weekend, but if you're heading out to the slopes tomorrow, please remember to bundle up to avoid frostbite. We'll go back to the newsroom now for a look at what's in sports.

TABLES

Table presents facts and fiures in compact form. There are several things that we need to pay attention to. 
They are, the table title, row or column labels, information given in individual cells and information given 
within rows and columns.

Examples:




GRAPHS

A graphs is a visual, concise means of presenting information. There are three basic kinds graphs: b line
graphs,circle or pie graphs and bar graphs.

1.  Line graphs: A line graph is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed.



2. Pie Charts : A pie chart is a type of a circle graph normally used in showcasing a wholesome quantity; we have to show that how this whole quantity is broken into parts. The whole quantity depicts entire sample space and the pieces of pie in the circle graph are called sectors.




3. Bar Charts: This is a type of chart, which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. The numbers along the side of bar graph compose the axis. This is also called as a histogram; Bar Graph is useful when there is a numerical comparison.

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SO, TOO, EITHER, NEITHER

So and Too

The word 'so' and 'too' are used to combine two positive statement with identical predicates to form a compound sentences.

Formula :

• so + auxiliary verb + subject.
• subject + auxiliary verb + too.

Example :

 

• Rahmad likes playing piano. Raisya also likes playing piano.
• Rahmad likes playing  piano. and so does Raisya.
• Rahmad likes playing  piano. and Raisya does too.

Either and Neither

The word 'either' and 'neither' to combine two negative statements with

identicalpredicates to form a compound sentence.

Formula :

 

• Subject +  auxiliary verb + not + either
• neither + auxiliary verb + subject

Example :

  

• He is not doing his homework now. she is also not doing her homework.
• He is not doing his homework now and she is not either.
• He is not doing his homework now and neither is she.

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INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

As the name suggests indefinite pronouns are pronouns that are not definite in meaning. In other words they are not specific in which noun they replace. They may be singular or plural, and must match the verb in number.

There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun. These pronouns are :

anybody	anyone
anything	everybody
everyone	everything
nobody	none
no one	nothing
somebody	someone
something

Example: 

• Anything is possible if you believe.

The second category of indefinite pronouns are those that point to a specific noun whose meaning is easily understood only because it was previously mentioned or because the words that follow the indefinite pronoun make it clear. These pronouns are :

all	another
any	both
each	either
few	many
neither	one
some	several

Examples: 

• Many are planning to attend the party. (In this case the identity of the group that is going to the party would have already been mentioned.) 
• Would you like to try some of these cookies? (The word cookies makes it clear what some is referring to.)

Not to confuse you but keep in mind the pronouns in this group can function as adjectives if nouns directly follow them.

More Examples : 

• Many classmates are planning to attend the party. 
• I checked out some books from the library.

Singular and Plural Indefinite Pronouns

As mentioned previously indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural and the verb has to match in number. Below is the list of singular indefinite pronouns.

Another	Anybody
Anyone	Anything
Each	Either
Everybody	Everyone
Everything	Neither
Nobody	No one
Nothing	One
Somebody	Something
Someone

Examples :

• There are three groups of participants, and each has its own requirements.
• Someone special is about to arrive.

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EXPRESSING SATISFACTION AND DISSATISFACTION

Expressing satisfaction is an expression  for a feeling of happiness or pleasure   because you have achieved something or got what you wanted.

Example of Expressing Satisfaction :

• Well done!
• Great! Good work.
• I am satisfied with your work .
•  You did well.
• Your job is satisfactory.
•  I am so happy about this.
• I'm glad to what you've done.
• It's really satisfying.

 Example Expressing Satisfaction :

• It is with great pleasure that!

• It gives me great satisfaction.

• I’m very pleased with it.

• A most delightful example of....

• What a beautiful story!

• Great, love it.
  

Formula of Satisfaction Expression :

1. … to be + very pleased with …
2. … to be + content with …
3. … to be + satisfied with …
4. … to be + very delighted …

Example :

1.I am very pleased with his attitude.

2.She is satisfied with the result.

3.I am very delighted with the taste of this soup.

Expressing Satisfaction Dialogue :

Robert  : How do you feel about this food?

Terry     : Wow….. I am very satisfied. It’s very       delicious. Great!

Robert   : Yes, I think so. Would you have anymore?

Terry     : Yes, of course.

Robert   : I will take some for my younger sister. She’ll be very happy.

Terry     : Yeah and I will take for my mom at home.

Robert   : OK. Let’s go home. I never feel satisfied  before.

Terry     : So am I.

Expressing dissatisfaction is an expression is a feeling we express when we do not get as enough as we hope and feel disappointed with some conditions, we must be dissatisfied.

Example of Expressing Dissatisfaction :

• You have not done well enough.
• I am really disappointed.
• Sorry, but your work is not satisfactory.
• Oh, no!  
• It's not very nice.
• It's really not good enough.
• I'm not satisfied with work.

 
Example Expressing Dissatisfaction :

• It is disappointing that!

• It is unacceptable.

• This is the limit I won’t take any more of…

• Well, this is most unsatisfactory.

• The concert is so boring.

• What an awful meeting.

• It’s not as good as I thought.

 

Formula of Dissatisfaction Expression  :

1. … to be + displeased with …

2. … to be + discontented with …

3. … to be + dissatisfied with …

4. … to be + disappointed with …

5. … To be + not satisfied with…

Example :

1. I am displeased with his attitude.
2. I am discontented with the room service.
3. I am disappointed with the concert.

Expressing Dissatisfaction Dialogue :

Paul      : Have you read today’s newspaper?

James   : Not yet. Is it interesting?

Paul      : Yes, the apology from the company. Take a look. The paper is over there.

James   : (Picking up the newspaper and starting to  read it) Is that all?

Paul      : Yes.

James   : This is not enough. I’m not satisfied yet. The size of the ads should have been half  of the page. Besides, the company only apologized but they didn’t mention what they would do.

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PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT AND POSTERS

A Public service announcement is an advertisement that a television or radio station airs for a cause or a charity. They can tout the importance of medical check-ups for children or ask you to donate to the Salvation Army’s bellringers. It is a free “commercial” for a non-profir organization.

Public service announcements are not paid advertising. A broadcaster donates the ad time as part of its commitment to serve the public interest.

The goal of a PSA is simple : to get someone to take a spesific action. It’s not to talk about the sponsoring organization. It’s motivate the targeted audience to act, for example, to drop off canned goods for food drive, to stop smoking, and to avoid drug abuse.

Examples PSA :

10 Second PSA : 
We come from all walks of life, but we travel down the same road. Look for motorcycles & share the road. This message brought to you by Abate of Arkansas.

15 Second PSA : 
Did you know that 75% of multiple vehicle accidents involving motorcycles were the fault of the other person? Don’t be part of that deadly statistic, look for motorcycles & share the road. This message brought to you by Abate of Arkansas.

20 Second PSA : 
Approximately 75% of the multi-vehicle accidents involving motorcycles were the fault of the other person. Most of those drivers said they did not see the motorcycle. Don’t be part of that deadly statistic. look for motorcycles & share the road. This message brought to you by Abate of Arkansas.

30 Second PSA : 
Do you know someone who rides a motorcycle? Chances are good that you see motorcycle riders when you are behind the wheel. For the rest of you, your chances of being the person who hits a motorcycle rider just went up 300%. that’s right, you are 3 times more likely to hit someone riding a motorcycle just because you don’t have a relationship with someone who rides them. Don’t be part of that deadly statistic. Look for motorcycles & share the road. This message brought to you by Abate of Arkansas.

POSTER

A poster is an informative and decorative way to attract the attention to the information it contains. It is usually displayed in a public place. It is often decorated with designs or illustrations.

Here are some ways to use posters in a literacy program :

• To advertise events or products.
• To display information or instructions.
• To teach about some kinds of information.

Example : 

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TRANSITIONS : MOREOVER, FUTHERMORE, IN ADDITION, THEREFORE, CONSEQUENTLY

Moreover, furthermore, and in addition mean also. Therefore and consequently mean as a result.

Examples:
1. Reka is clever and kind. Moreover, she is friendly. Many people like her.
2. The test was difficult. In addition, the time was also limited. Consequently, many students god bad marks.
3. It is raining hard. Furthermore, Ryan’s house is a long way from school. Therefore, he will wait until the rain stops.

-Moreover, use for augmentation.

-Consequently, use for result, conclusion, summary.

-In addition, use for augmentation.

-Furthermore, use for augmentation.

-Therefore, use for conclusion, summary.

Moreover
You can use "moreover" to replace "and "in addition". It normally begins the second independent clause in a sentence, following a semicolon.Moreover is a transition, so you use it to make something follow another.
 
Here’s an example with correct punctuation :

• The hairdresser had dyed his hair the wrong color. Moreover, the hair turned green when she tried to correct the error.

Furthermore 
You use furthermore to add more information to what was already said or written. Furthermore is transitions  part of the Academic Word List and almost always used at the beginning of a sentence.

Example:

• We believe that the project is possible. Furthermore, we believe that we can do it within a few months.

In addition
In addition, additionally or also, joins two sentences (independent clauses.)  The word introduces additional information.  These words are often called transition words or conjunctive adverbs.  (Also tends to be less formal than in addition or additionally).

Examples:

• Anne and Alex act and sing. In addition, they dance.
• She must dance gracefully. In addition, she must dance precisely.

Therefore
Therefore (used to introduce a logical conclusion) from that fact or reason or as a result, it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important).

Examples:

• Those people have their umbrellas up. Therefore, it must be raining.
• They heard the warning on the radio and Therefore took another route.

Consequently
"Consequently" is very similar to "so" and "therefore". Like "therefore" it’s a conjunctive adverb (the term is not important). It usually appears in the middle of sentence, but it may also be used at the beginning of sentence. If you know what the word "consequence" means, you shouldn’t have any trouble with this.

Examples:

• Gas prices rose too high for Matt to afford. Consequently, he sold his car and made his daily commute by bike.
• Poachers have hunted and killed too many elephants for their tusks. Consequently, they have become an endangered species in some parts of the world.
• An adequate water supply is important to a farmer’s success. Consequently, irrigation is used in places where water is in short supply.

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NOUN CLAUSES

Noun clauses is a dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.

Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses and wh-clauses:

• That-clause : I believe that everything happens for a reason.

• Wh-clause   : How do I know what I think, until I see what I say? 

Examples and Observations:

• "When Mrs. Frederick C. Little's second son arrived, everybody noticed that he was not much bigger than a mouse."
  (E.B. White, Stuart Little, 1945)

• "A university is what a college becomes when the faculty loses interest in students."
  (John Ciardi, Saturday Review, 1966)

• "I know that there are things that never have been funny, and never will be. And I know that ridicule may be a shield, but it is not a weapon."
  (Dorothy Parker)

• "I believe that there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will direct us aright."
  (Henry David Thoreau)

• "The thought of stars contributed to the power of his feeling. What moved him was a sense of those worlds around us, our knowledge however imperfect of their nature, our sense of their possessing some grain of our past and of our lives to come."
  (John Cheever, Oh What a Paradise It Seems. Random House, 1982)

• "Whoever was the person behind Stonehenge was one dickens of a motivator, I'll tell you that."
  (Bill Bryson, Notes From a Small Island. Doubleday, 1995)

• "How we remember, what we remember, and why we remember form the most personal map of our individuality."
  (Christina Baldwin)

• "This is the story of what a Woman's patience can endure, and of what a Man's resolution can achieve."
  (Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White, 1859)

• "That dogs, low-comedy confederates of small children and ragged bachelors, should have turned into an emblem of having made it to the middle class--like the hibachi, like golf clubs and a second car--seems at the very least incongruous."
  (Edward Hoagland, "Dogs, and the Tug of Life")

• Nominal Clauses as Direct Objects
  All sentences, then, are clauses, but not all clauses are sentences. In the following sentences, for example, the direct object slot contains a clause rather than a noun phrase. These are examples of :
  
  Nominal clauses (sometimes called noun clauses)
  
  • I know that the students studied their assignment.
  • I wonder what is making Tracy so unhappy.
     
  These nominal clauses are examples of dependent clauses--in contrast to independent clauses, those clauses that function as complete sentences."
  (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed., Allyn and Bacon, 1998)

• Noun-Clause Starters
  "We use various words to start noun clauses. . . .
  
  "These words include the word that, which in its role as a noun clause starter is not a relative pronoun, for it serves no grammatical role in the clause; it just starts the clause. For example: The committee stated that it would follow the agent's policy. Here the noun clause serves the noun role of direct object of the transitive verb stated. But a careful look at the clause reveals that the word that does not serve any role within the clause, other than simply to get it going.
  
  "Other noun clause starters do serve grammatical roles within the clause. For example: We know who caused all the trouble. Here the noun clause starter is the relative pronoun who. Notice that inside the noun clause who serves as the grammatical subject of the verb caused.
  
  "Additional words serve as noun clause starters. A relative adverb can get one going: How he won the election mystified the pundits. So can a relative pronoun acting as an adjective: We know which career she will pursue. In these two sentences, how is an adverb modifying the verb won, and which is a relative-pronoun-adjective modifying the noun career."

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ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Analytical Exposition is an analytical exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something is the case. To make the persuasion stronger, the speaker or writer gives some arguments as the fundamental reasons why something is the case. This type of text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Analytical expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of analytical exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Reiteration or conclusion.

A. GENERIC STRUCTURE of ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

1. Thesis : Introduces the topic and shows speaker or writer’s position; Outlines of the arguments are presented.
2. Arguments : It consists about Point and Elaboration Point, states the main argument
3. Elaboration, develops and supports each point of argumentConclusion : Reiteration (restatement), restates speaker or writer’s position

B. GENERIC FEATURES

1. An analytical exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants.
2. It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3. It uses emotive and evaluative words
4. It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
5. It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
6. Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.

Example :

The Dangerous of Using Drugs

 

       Everybody must pay attention of drugs. Drugs are very dangerous for us. Why it is very dangerous for us? Because its can caused harm to our body. 

        In terms of health, many organs in our body can be harm because using drug. In general, the impact of using drug are can unconscious, make us hallucinate, can harm our nerve, and cause addictive effect. Beside that, using drugs can make the users depressed, liver disease, schizophrenia, blockage of blood vessels, dehydration, optic nerve damage, brain damage, and finally it can cause DEATH! 

    

        When viewed in terms of Islamic law, drugs are forbidden. Because it is cause badness, self harm, debilitate. And Islam proscribes all that can cause badness, self harm because it is included zhalim. Also if we using drugs, it means we already do the forbidden things in Islam, it means we sin. So, in terms of Islamic law, using drugs also dangerous. 

        Furthermore, if the users of drugs are teenagers, it can endanger their future, and endanger their homeland, their country. From the data, 32 percent of drugs users in Indonesia are teenagers, so, if many teenagers –in this case Indonesia- use drugs, it can be endanger this country, harm youth generation, whereas youths are nation expectation. If the youth using drugs, our nation can be destroy! 

           So, from now on we must pay attention of drugs, because it’s very dangerous, both in terms of health, religion (Islam), nationality and state.

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GIVING ADVICE AND WARNING

Giving  Advice is  to give (someone) a recommendation about what should be done.

Expressions of Asking For Advice :
•What should?
•What do you think should?
•What do you advise?
•Could you give me some advice for?
•What you would advice?
•What would you do if?
•Do you think I should?

Expressions of Giving Advice :

•You should/ought to……….

•I think you should/ought to………

•You ought to………………

•I advise you to

•If I were you, I would……..

•I would recommend that you ……

•You’d better tell …………..

•You must to……………….

Dialogue of Expressing Advice :

Ratna  : Good morning, Putri

Putri    : Good morning, Ratna. (Looks confused)

Ratna  : How are you, Putri

Putri    : I’m confused now.

Ratna  : Why?

Putri    : My girlfriend my girlfriend forbade me to follow the singing competition. If you

            were me, what would you tell her?

Ratna  : I would say that the competition is very important to you, and instead,

             the prize of the competition would you give to her

Putri    : That’s a good idea. I will do it. Thank you very much,Ratna. Now I want

              to go to canteen. See you.

Ratna   : You’re welcome. See you too.

Warning is admonition notice, or pointing out on  existing or potential danger, specially to one who would otherwise would not be aware of it.

Expressions of Warning :

•Look out! There is a snake beside you.

•Don’t step on the grass!.

•No smoking!

•No hunting!

•Be Silent

•No camping without permission!

•Do not cut down the trees!

•Keep out of the reach of children!
 

Dialogue Expressing of Warning :

Gabriel       :  Mom, let me go out for a while, please?

Mother       :  Where are you going to, Gab?

Gabriel       :  I’d like to visit Greyson. He got accident this morning. He is in the hospital now.

Mother       :  Ok, be care full honey.

Gabriel       :  Thank you mom.

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GERUND

A GERUND is a verb in its “ing” form (the present participle) for example : raining, dancing, laughing, thinking, creating, running, and so on.

Example Gerund As a Subject
-Playing the piano is my hobby.
-Reading a book is good for knowledge.
-Cooking is fun.

Example Gerund As an Object
-I like drinking milk.
-I love shopping with my friend.
-I love playing the piano.

Example Gerund As an Adverb
-Don’t forget for praying when you want sleep.
-I want go to Los Angeles for meeting Geyson Chance.
-Please take a bath before you leaving.

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GRANTING REQUESTS AND REQUESTING

• Granting Request is to agree someone who want do something.

Example Granting Requesting
-Sure. Here you are.
-Yes,you may.
-Certainly. It’s almost finished anyway.
-Of course.You can.
-Not at all. We’re going the same way.
-Sure. Just careful.

• Requesting is an expressions to expresss a desire for; ask for or to ask person to do something .

Example Requesting
-May I borrow your English book now?
-Excuse me. May I go to the toilet, Ma’am?
-Can I use your ruler for a minute, please?
-Do you mind if I ask you to drive me to the park?

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EXPRESSING RELIEF, PAIN, PLEASURE

1. Expressing relief is a a feeling of cheerfulness or optimism that follows the removal of anxiety, pain, or distress.

EXAMPLE EXPRESSING RELIEF 

o   Oh, that’s relief.

o   Thank goodness for that.

o   Thank heavens!

o   Oh, good!

o   Oh, marvelous!

o   Oh, what a relief!

o   That’s alright, then.

o   Phew.

o   Thank God for that.

o   I’ m very relieved to hear that.

o   I’m extremely glad to hear that.

o   What a relief!

o   Good for you.

o   I’m glad it’s done.

o   I’m glad everything is running well.

o   I feel so relieved.

o   This ointment relieves my pain.

o   It’s very relaxing.

Example :

Anne: Grey! Don’t you know that our final exam mark has been announced?
Grey: What? Are you sure that it has been announced?
Anne: Of course. What happens?
Grey: It is because I did not do the test well and I am afraid that I will get D for this subject. Our teacher has told me, if I don’t pass this exam I will be kicked from this school.
Anne: Don’t make a joke, Grey! I think no one will kick you out from this school.
Grey: How can you know?
Anne: Because you get C!
Grey: Phew! Thank God! Thanks Anne!
Anne: You’re welcome, Grey! 

2. Expressing pain is an unpleasant sensation occurring in varying degrees of severity as a consequence of injury, disease, or emotional disorder.

EXPRESSING PAIN 

-Ouch!That was hurt

-It is painful

-It hurts me
-I’ve got a backache/toothache/stomachache
-I feel sore all over
-My eyes hurt
-My body aches./My muscles ache.
-Oh,it’s killing me!

Example :

Lorence: Hei! Watch out!
Raisha: Ouch!
Lorence: Are you OK?
Raisha: Ugh, it hurts!
Lorence: I had warned you! Why don’t you watch around before cross the road?
Raisha: I don’t bring my glasses. I am sorry.
Lorence: Ok. Let’s have medicine.

3. Expressing pleasure is an expressions about something that gives or affords enjoyment or delight.

EXPRESSING PLEASURE
·    Great!
·    Terrific!
·    I’m pleased.
·    I enjoyed it.
·    I love it.
·    It was terrific.
·    I’m delighted.

Example :

Hilal : Hi, Najmi! Haven’t seen you for a long time. How is it going?
Najmi : Oh, hi Hilal….. It’s great, thanks. How is everything with you?
Hilal : Well, I’m fine. As a matter of fact, I was promoted as a manager.
Najmi : Wow, that’s really great. I’m glad to hear that. I’m sure you will have a good career.
Hilal : Thank you. And how about you? I’ve heard you are a secretary now.
Najmi : Yes, you’re right. That’s what I want since I was young.

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